There are three kinds of participles
in English:
- present participle,
- past participle, and
- perfect participle.
You
probably know the first two from certain tenses and adjective forms. Apart from
that, participles are also used to shorten sentences.
- Present Participle
The present participle is the ing-form.
You surely know this form:
- from progressive / continuous tenses (e. g. Present Progressive) – I am speaking.
- as an adjective form – The film is interesting.
- as a gerund – He is afraid of flying.
Not the exceptions in spelling when
adding 'ing':
Exception
|
Example
|
final e dropped (but: ee
is not changed)
|
come – coming (but: agree -
agreeing)
|
final consonant after short,
stressed vowel is doubled
|
sit – sitting
|
final consonant l after
vowel is always doubled (in British English)
|
travel – travelling
|
final ie becomes y
|
lie – lying
|
- The present participle can be used
to describe the following verbs:
come, go, sit
Example: The girl sat crying
on the sofa.
- The present participle can also be
used after verbs of the senses if we do not want to emphasise that the action
was completed. (see Infinitive or Ing-Form)
feel, find, hear, listen to, notice,
see, smell, watch
Example: Did you see him dancing?
- Furthermore, the present participle
can be used to shorten or combine active clauses that have the same
subject.
Example: She left the house and
whistled. – She left the house whistling.
- Past Participle
- The past participle is the
participle that you find in the column of lists with irregular verbs (see the column bellow). You surely know
this form:
- from perfect tenses – I have spoken.
- from passive voice – The letter was written.
- as an adjective form – I was bored to death.
- For regular verbs form the past participle by
adding ed, however, note the following exceptions in spelling:
Exceptions
when adding ed
|
Example
|
after a final e, only add d
|
love – loved
|
final consonant after a short,
stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled |
admit – admitted
travel – travelled |
final y after a consonant
becomes i
|
hurry – hurried
|
The past participle can also be used
to shorten or combine passive clauses that have the same subject.
Example: The boy was given an
apple. He stopped crying. – Given an apple, the boy stopped crying.
Note:
List of Irregular Verbs
Infinitive
|
Simple Past
|
Past Participle
|
alight
|
alighted, alit
|
alighted, alit
|
arise
|
arose
|
arisen
|
awake
|
awoke, awaked
|
awoken, awaked
|
be
|
was, were
|
been
|
bear
|
bore
|
borne, born
|
beat
|
beat
|
beaten, beat
|
become
|
became
|
become
|
beget
|
begot
|
begotten
|
begin
|
began
|
begun
|
bend
|
bent
|
bent
|
bereave
|
bereaved, bereft
|
bereaved, bereft
|
beseech
|
besought, beseeched
|
besought, beseeched
|
bet
|
bet, betted
|
bet, betted
|
bid
|
bade, bid
|
bidden, bid, bade
|
bide
|
bade, bided
|
bided
|
bind
|
bound
|
bound
|
bite
|
bit
|
bitten
|
bleed
|
bled
|
bled
|
bless
|
blessed, blest
|
blessed, blest
|
blow
|
blew
|
blown
|
break
|
broke
|
broken
|
breed
|
bred
|
bred
|
bring
|
brought
|
brought
|
broadcast
|
broadcast, broadcasted
|
broadcast, broadcasted
|
build
|
built
|
built
|
burn
|
burnt, burned
|
burnt, burned
|
burst
|
burst
|
burst
|
bust
|
bust, busted
|
bust, busted
|
buy
|
bought
|
bought
|
can
|
could
|
(kein Participle)
|
cast
|
cast
|
cast
|
catch
|
caught
|
caught
|
choose
|
chose
|
chosen
|
cleave
|
cleft, cleaved, clove
|
cleft, cleaved, cloven
|
cling
|
clung
|
clung
|
clothe
|
clothed, clad
|
clothed, clad
|
come
|
came
|
come
|
cost
|
cost
|
cost
|
creep
|
crept
|
crept
|
crow
|
crowed
|
crew, crowed
|
cut
|
cut
|
cut
|
deal
|
dealt
|
dealt
|
dig
|
dug
|
dug
|
do
|
did
|
done
|
draw
|
drew
|
drawn
|
dream
|
dreamt, dreamed
|
dreamt, dreamed
|
drink
|
drank
|
drunk
|
drive
|
drove
|
driven
|
dwell
|
dwelt, dwelled
|
dwelt, dwelled
|
eat
|
ate
|
eaten
|
fall
|
fell
|
fallen
|
feed
|
fed
|
fed
|
feel
|
felt
|
felt
|
fight
|
fought
|
fought
|
find
|
found
|
found
|
flee
|
fled
|
fled
|
fling
|
flung
|
flung
|
fly
|
flew
|
flown
|
forbid
|
forbad, forbade
|
forbid, forbidden
|
forecast
|
forecast, forecasted
|
forecast, forecasted
|
forget
|
forgot
|
forgotten
|
forsake
|
forsook
|
forsaken
|
freeze
|
froze
|
frozen
|
geld
|
gelded, gelt
|
gelded, gelt
|
get
|
got
|
got, gotten
|
gild
|
gilded, gilt
|
gilded, gilt
|
give
|
gave
|
given
|
gnaw
|
gnawed
|
gnawed, gnawn
|
go
|
went
|
gone
|
grind
|
ground
|
ground
|
grip
|
gripped, gript
|
gripped, gript
|
grow
|
grew
|
grown
|
hang
|
hung
|
hung
|
have
|
had
|
had
|
hear
|
heard
|
heard
|
heave
|
heaved, hove
|
heaved, hove
|
hew
|
hewed
|
hewed, hewn
|
hide
|
hid
|
hidden, hid
|
hit
|
hit
|
hit
|
hold
|
held
|
held
|
hurt
|
hurt
|
hurt
|
keep
|
kept
|
kept
|
kneel
|
knelt, kneeled
|
knelt, kneeled
|
knit
|
knitted, knit
|
knitted, knit
|
know
|
knew
|
known
|
lay
|
laid
|
laid
|
lead
|
led
|
led
|
lean
|
leant, leaned
|
leant, leaned
|
leap
|
leapt, leaped
|
leapt, leaped
|
learn
|
learnt, learned
|
learnt, learned
|
leave
|
left
|
left
|
lend
|
lent
|
lent
|
let
|
let
|
let
|
lie
|
lay
|
lain
|
light
|
lit, lighted
|
lit, lighted
|
lose
|
lost
|
lost
|
make
|
made
|
made
|
may
|
might
|
(kein Participle)
|
mean
|
meant
|
meant
|
meet
|
met
|
met
|
melt
|
melted
|
molten, melted
|
mow
|
mowed
|
mown, mowed
|
pay
|
paid
|
paid
|
pen
|
pent, penned
|
pent, penned
|
plead
|
pled, pleaded
|
pled, pleaded
|
prove
|
proved
|
proven, proved
|
put
|
put
|
put
|
quit
|
quit, quitted
|
quit, quitted
|
read
|
read
|
read
|
rid
|
rid, ridded
|
rid, ridded
|
ride
|
rode
|
ridden
|
ring
|
rang
|
rung
|
rise
|
rose
|
risen
|
run
|
ran
|
run
|
saw
|
sawed
|
sawn, sawed
|
say
|
said
|
said
|
see
|
saw
|
seen
|
seek
|
sought
|
sought
|
sell
|
sold
|
sold
|
send
|
sent
|
sent
|
set
|
set
|
set
|
sew
|
sewed
|
sewn, sewed
|
shake
|
shook
|
shaken
|
shall
|
should
|
(kein Participle)
|
shear
|
sheared
|
shorn, sheared
|
shed
|
shed
|
shed
|
shine
|
shone
|
shone
|
shit
|
shit, shitted, shat
|
shit, shitted, shat
|
shoe
|
shod, shoed
|
shod, shoed
|
shoot
|
shot
|
shot
|
show
|
showed
|
shown, showed
|
shred
|
shred, shredded
|
shred, shredded
|
shrink
|
shrank, shrunk
|
shrunk
|
shut
|
shut
|
shut
|
sing
|
sang
|
sung
|
sink
|
sank
|
sunk
|
sit
|
sat
|
sat
|
slay
|
slew
|
slain
|
sleep
|
slept
|
slept
|
slide
|
slid
|
slid
|
sling
|
slung
|
slung
|
slink
|
slunk
|
slunk
|
slit
|
slit
|
slit
|
smell
|
smelt, smelled
|
smelt, smelled
|
smite
|
smote
|
smitten
|
sow
|
sowed
|
sown, sowed
|
speak
|
spoke
|
spoken
|
speed
|
sped, speeded
|
sped, speeded
|
spell
|
spelt, spelled
|
spelt, spelled
|
spend
|
spent
|
spent
|
spill
|
spilt, spilled
|
spilt, spilled
|
spin
|
spun
|
spun
|
spit
|
spat
|
spat
|
split
|
split
|
split
|
spoil
|
spoilt, spoiled
|
spoilt, spoiled
|
spread
|
spread
|
spread
|
spring
|
sprang, sprung
|
sprung
|
stand
|
stood
|
stood
|
steal
|
stole
|
stolen
|
stick
|
stuck
|
stuck
|
sting
|
stung
|
stung
|
stink
|
stank, stunk
|
stunk
|
stride
|
strode
|
stridden
|
strike
|
struck
|
struck
|
string
|
strung
|
strung
|
strive
|
strove
|
striven
|
swear
|
swore
|
sworn
|
sweat
|
sweat, sweated
|
sweat, sweated
|
sweep
|
swept
|
swept
|
swell
|
swelled
|
swollen, swelled
|
swim
|
swam
|
swum
|
swing
|
swung
|
swung
|
take
|
took
|
taken
|
teach
|
taught
|
taught
|
tear
|
tore
|
torn
|
telecast
|
telecast, telecasted
|
telecast, telecasted
|
tell
|
told
|
told
|
think
|
thought
|
thought
|
throw
|
threw
|
thrown
|
thrust
|
thrust
|
thrust
|
tread
|
trod
|
trodden
|
understand
|
understood
|
understood
|
wake
|
woke, waked
|
woken, waked
|
wear
|
wore
|
worn
|
weave
|
wove
|
woven
|
wed
|
wed, wedded
|
wed, wedded
|
weep
|
wept
|
wept
|
wet
|
wet, wetted
|
wet, wetted
|
win
|
won
|
won
|
wind
|
wound
|
wound
|
wring
|
wrung
|
wrung
|
write
|
wrote
|
written
|
- Perfect Participle
The perfect participle can be used
to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if …
- … one action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the next action starts.
Example: She
bought a bike and cycled home. – Having bought a bike, she
cycled home.
- … one action has been going on for a period of time when another action starts.
Example: He
had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to
another town. – Having lived there for such a long time, he didn't
want to move to another town.
- The perfect participle can be used
for active and passive voice.
- active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.)
- passive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.)
---Use
of Participle Clauses
- If a clause is shortened using a
participle construction, the clause is called participle clause.
Example: Watching TV, she
forgot everything around her.
In English, participle clauses are
mainly used in writing in order to put a lot of information into one sentence.
When shortening or combining clauses
with a participle construction, keep the following rules in mind:
- Both clauses should have the same subject.
- The less important part becomes the participle clause. Important information should always be in the main clause.
- Make sure, you use the correct participle form (see above).
- The conjunctions as, because, since and relative pronouns who, which are left out.
- The conjunctions before, when are used in the participle clause.
- The conjunctions after, while can be used or left out.
---Participle
Clauses with different Subjects
- Sometimes participle clauses can be
used even if the clauses to be combined do not have the same subject. This is
the case for example if the main clause contains one of the following verbs
+ object:
feel, find, hear, listen to, notice,
see, smell, watch
Example: I heard him playing the
guitar.
- Here, the participle clause must
directly follow the object it is relating to. (Note: Some of the verbs
mentioned here can also be used with the infinitive. For further information
see Infinitive or Ing-Form)
- A participle construction is also
possible, if both subjects are mentioned (often the word 'with' is put before
the subject in the participle clause). This is very formal, however, and not
often used.
Example: Mrs Jones went to
New York. Mr Smith took up her position.
→ (With) Mrs Jones going to New York, Mr Smith took up her position.
→ (With) Mrs Jones going to New York, Mr Smith took up her position.
---Incorrect
Participle Clauses
- Apart from the exceptions mentioned
above, participle clause and main clause should have the same subject.
Otherwise the sentences might sound rather strange.
Example: I was driving on the
motorway, when the baby started to cry.
→ Falscher Partizipialsatz: Driving on the motorway, the baby started to cry.
→ Falscher Partizipialsatz: Driving on the motorway, the baby started to cry.
In this example you get the feeling
that the baby has driven the car. So these participle clauses are considered
wrong in standard English. In colloquial English, these 'incorrect participle
clauses' are usually okay, and you can even find an example in Shakespeare's
Hamlet:
Now, Hamlet, hear. ’Tis given out
that, sleeping in my orchard, a serpent stung me.
As the text goes, it is said that
Hamlet's father was bitten by a snake. Strictly speaking, however, the snake
was asleep when it bit Hamlet's father.
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